Results demonstrated that Ning-dong granule effectively inhibited stereotype actions and Tourette's syndrome symptoms by promoting dopamine metabolism, reducing dopamine levels in the striatum, increasing homovanillic acid content in sera, and reducing mRNA expression of DRD2 in the striatum.
NDG could increase the HVA content in sera (P<0.05), meanwhile downregulate the expression of DRD2 mRNA in striatum (P<0.05), and inhibit the stereotyped behaviors induced by Apo (P<0.01) in TS rats, the same effects with Hal.
Elevated anxiety due to Slitrk1 dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases such as Tourette's syndrome and trichotillomania.
These data confirm histidine decarboxylase deficiency as a rare cause of TS and identify HA-DA interactions in the basal ganglia as an important locus of pathology.
Intrathecally-administered histamine facilitates nociception through tachykinin NK1 and histamine H1 receptors: a study in histidine decarboxylase gene knockout mice.
Sequential super-stereotypy of an instinctive fixed action pattern in hyper-dopaminergic mutant mice: a model of obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette's.
In summary, allele frequencies did not differ between cases and controls, but DAT1 genotype accounted for variations of tic severity within the TS group.
A statistical re-evaluation of the DAT1 DdeI polymorphism following population stratification confirmed the association for the TS-total and TS-only groups, but the degree of significance was reduced (P = 0.017 and P = 0.016, respectively).
We hypothesize that disruption or decreased expression of CNTNAP2 could lead to a disturbed distribution of the K(+) channels in the nervous system, thereby influencing conduction and/or repolarization of action potentials, causing unwanted actions or movements in GTS.